Caught in the Crossfire: Myanmarese Refugees in India

Priyanca Mathur

doi:10.53989/jcp.v2i1_2_priyanca

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Journal of Contemporary Politics

DOI: 10.53989/jcp.v2i1_2_priyanca

Year: 2023, Volume: 2, Issue: 1, Pages: 31-36

Original Article

Caught in the Crossfire: Myanmarese Refugees in India

Priyanca Mathur ^{✉ 1}

¹ Head and Associate Professor, Centre for Research in Social Sciences and Education (CeRSSE), Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Corresponding author ✉: [email protected]

Received Date:09 January 2023, Accepted Date:13 March 2023, Published Date:25 March 2023

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

References

Global Appeal 2023. UNHCR Global Focus. Available from: https://reporting.unhcr.org/globalappeal2023 (accessed 2023-May-17)
‘Asia and the Pacific Regional Trends - Forced Displacement 2021’. UNHCR data portal. Available from: https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/94372 (accessed 2022-December-12)
Samaddar R. RS., ed. Refugees and the State: Practices of Asylum and Care in India, 1947 - 2000. (pp. 1-376) India. SAGE Publications. 2003.
Khosla M. The Geopolitics of India's Refugee Policy. South Asian Voices. Available from: https://southasianvoices.org/the-geopolitics-of-indias-refugee-policy/ (accessed 2022-December-20)
Bhalla A. The need for refugee law in India. Bar and Bench. Available from: https://www.barandbench.com/columns/the-need-for-refugee-law-in-india-for-indian-citizens (accessed 2022-December-13)
India Report. UNHCR. Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/4cd96e919.pdf (accessed 2022-December-14)
The Returnees and the Refugees : Migration from Burma. In: RS., ed. Refugees and the State: Practices of Asylum and Care in India, 1947-2000. 2003.
Bhuyan A. Delhi's little Burma. Business Standard. Business Standard. Available from: https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond- business/delhi-s-little-burma-113111400885_1.html (accessed 2022-December-19)
Nandi J. Burmese refugees demand a life in Delhi. Times of India. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/burmese-refugees-demand-a-life-in-delhi/articleshow/44831815.cms
Field J, Tiwari AD, Mookherjee Y. Self-reliance as a Concept and a Spatial Practice for Urban Refugees: Reflections from Delhi, India. Journal of Refugee Studies. 2020;33(1):167–188. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez050
Sandhu K, Sebastian M. Rohingya and CAA: What is India's refugee policy? BBC. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62573446 (accessed 2022-December-20)
Myanmar: Coup Leads to Crimes Against Humanity. Human Rights Watch. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/31/myanmar-coup-leads-crimes-against-humanity (accessed 2022-December-19)
Ambarkhane S, Gathia SV. Over a Year Later, Myanmar's Military Coup Threatens India's National Security. United States Institute of Peace. Available from: https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/05/over-year-later-myanmars-military-coup-threatens-indias-national-security (accessed 2022-December-12)
Wee S. Thousands Flee Myanmar for India Amid Fears of a Growing Refugee Crisis. The New York Times. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/19/world/asia/myanmar-refugees-india.html
UNHCR Regional Bureau For Asia And Pacific (RBAP) Myanmar Emergency Update. UNHCR. UNHCR . Available from: https://reporting.unhcr.org/document/4813 (accessed 2023-May-17)
Bhattacherjee K. Treat our people as refugees: Myanmar's democracy leader urges Government of India. The Hindu. Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/treat-our-people-as-refugees-myanmars-democracy-leader-urges-government-of- india/article66227432.ece
India : The Status of Refugees 2021. New Delhi, India. Rights and Risks Analysis Group. 2021.
Naqvi S. Myanmar: Don't allow migrants to cross, home ministry writes to border states. East Mojo. Available from: https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2021/03/11/myanmar-dont-allow-migrants-to-cross-home-ministry-writes-to-border-states/ (accessed 2022-December-20)
Stop illegal influx from Myanmar, Centre tells northeastern States. The Hindu. Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stop-illegal-influx-from-myanmar-mha-tells-ne-states/article34054308.ece
Manipur government asks DCs to "politely turn away" Myanmar refugees, takes back order. The Economic Times. Available from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-government-asks-dcs-to-politely-turn-away- myanmar-refugees-takes-back-order/articleshow/81754323.cms?from=mdr
Manipur govt withdraws earlier order to 'politely turn away' Myanmar refugees. Mint. Available from: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/manipur-govt-withdraws-earlier-order-to-politely-turn-away-myanmar-refugees-11617084905271.html (accessed 2022-December-20)
Hangal N, Sitlou M. Manipuris Help Myanmar Refugees, Ignoring BJP Order To 'Politely' Turn Them Away. Article 14. Available from: https://article-14.com/post/manipuris-help-myanmar-refugees-ignoring-bjp-order-to-politely-turn-them-away (accessed 2022-December-20)
Karmakar S. Not acceptable to Mizoram: CM Zoramthanga writes to PM Modi on Myanmar refugees. Deccan Herald. Available from: https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/not-acceptable-to-mizoram-cm-zoramthanga-writes-to-pm- modi-on-myanmar-refugees-964309.html
How are Mizos dealing with Burmese refugees fleeing the coup? Newslaundry - YouTube. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I232zSkLJN8&t=76s (accessed 2022-December-20)
Choudhury A, Agarwala T. How Mizoram has set up a de facto asylum regime for Myanmar refugees. The Indian Express. Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-mizoram-has-set-up-de-facto-asylum-regime-for-myanmar-refugees-8189791/
Chakraborty T. 'Financially Strained,' Mizoram CM Brings up Myanmar Refugee Crisis in Meeting With PM. The Wire. Available from: https://thewire.in/government/mizoram-cm-zoramthanga-pm-modi-myanmar-refugees-humanitarian-aid (accessed 2022-December-18)
Sitlhou M. Mizoram's predicament over Myanmar refugees. Mint Lounge. Available from: https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/mizorams-predicament-over-myanmar-refugees-111664461046718.html (accessed 2022-December-19)
Myanmarese national deported. Imphal Free Press. Available from: https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/myanmarese-national-deported (accessed 2022-December-20)
Matharu S. 'They're taking over our hills': Manipur groups want NRC to weed out Myanmar refugees. ThePrint. Available from: https://theprint.in/features/theyre-taking-over-our-hills-manipur-groups-want-nrc-to-weed-out-myanmar-refugees/1002227/ (accessed 2022-December-21)
Maharaja Sanajaoba urges India Government to resolve Indo-Myanmar Border Issue, complete fencing. Pothashang News Service. Available from: https://www.pothashang.in/2022/12/09/maharaja-sanajaoba-urges-india-government-to-resolve-indo-myanmar-border-issue-complete-fencing/ (accessed 2022-December-21)
Min M. India’s cautious approach to the military coup in Myanmar. East Asia Forum. Available from: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2022/03/22/indias-cautious-approach-to-the-military-coup-in-myanmar/ (accessed 2022-December-20)
Anand A. India attends military parade in Myanmar 2 months after coup. Why it's significant. India Today. Available from: https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/india-attends-military-parade-myanmar-months-after-coup-why-significant-1785075- 2021-03-30
Indian Arms Exporter Ships Air-Defense Weapons to Myanmar's Junta. The Irrawaddy. Available from: https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/indian-arms-exporter-ships-air-defense-weapons-to-myanmars-junta.html (accessed 2022-December-20)
Rajagopalan R. India Engages Myanmar. Observer Research Foundation. Available from: https://www.orfonline.org/research/india-engages-myanmar/ (accessed 2022-December-19)
Martin M. Prime Minister Modi and Myanmar's Military Junta. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Available from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/prime-minister-modi-and-myanmars-military-junta (accessed 2022-December-20)
Sitlou M, Hanghal N. Insurgents from India add fuel to fire in Myanmar's restive north. Nikkei Asia. Available from: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Insurgents-from-India-add-fuel-to-fire-in-Myanmar-s-restive-north (accessed 2022-December-20)
Hangsing S, Tonsing S. Has Military Rule in Myanmar Affected India's 'Act East' Policy? The Wire. Available from: https://thewire.in/south-asia/has-military-rule-in-myanmar-affected-indias-act-east-policy (accessed 2022-December-20)
Purayil MP. The Myanmar Coup and India's Refugee Policy. South Asian Voices. Available from: https://southasianvoices.org/the-myanmar-coup-and-indias-refugee-policy/ (accessed 2022-December-14)
Purayil MP, Purayil MP. India has a Responsibility towards Myanmar Refugees in India. Economic and Political Weekly (Engage). 2022;57(49):1–17. Available from: https://www.epw.in/engage/article/india-has-responsibility-towards-myanmar-refugees

Copyright

2023 Published by Bangalore University. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

31 July 2023

Year: 2023, Volume: 2, Issue: 1

Article Metrics

[1] Global Appeal 2023. UNHCR Global Focus. Available from: https://reporting.unhcr.org/globalappeal2023 (accessed 2023-May-17)

[2] ‘Asia and the Pacific Regional Trends - Forced Displacement 2021’. UNHCR data portal. Available from: https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/94372 (accessed 2022-December-12)

[3] Samaddar R. RS., ed. Refugees and the State: Practices of Asylum and Care in India, 1947 - 2000. (pp. 1-376) India. SAGE Publications. 2003.

[4] Khosla M. The Geopolitics of India's Refugee Policy. South Asian Voices. Available from: https://southasianvoices.org/the-geopolitics-of-indias-refugee-policy/ (accessed 2022-December-20)

[5] Bhalla A. The need for refugee law in India. Bar and Bench. Available from: https://www.barandbench.com/columns/the-need-for-refugee-law-in-india-for-indian-citizens (accessed 2022-December-13)

[6] India Report. UNHCR. Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/4cd96e919.pdf (accessed 2022-December-14)

[7] The Returnees and the Refugees : Migration from Burma. In: RS., ed. Refugees and the State: Practices of Asylum and Care in India, 1947-2000. 2003.

[8] Bhuyan A. Delhi's little Burma. Business Standard. Business Standard. Available from: https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond- business/delhi-s-little-burma-113111400885_1.html (accessed 2022-December-19)

[9] Nandi J. Burmese refugees demand a life in Delhi. Times of India. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/burmese-refugees-demand-a-life-in-delhi/articleshow/44831815.cms

[10] Field J, Tiwari AD, Mookherjee Y. Self-reliance as a Concept and a Spatial Practice for Urban Refugees: Reflections from Delhi, India. Journal of Refugee Studies. 2020;33(1):167–188. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez050

[11] Sandhu K, Sebastian M. Rohingya and CAA: What is India's refugee policy? BBC. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62573446 (accessed 2022-December-20)

[12] Myanmar: Coup Leads to Crimes Against Humanity. Human Rights Watch. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/31/myanmar-coup-leads-crimes-against-humanity (accessed 2022-December-19)

[13] Ambarkhane S, Gathia SV. Over a Year Later, Myanmar's Military Coup Threatens India's National Security. United States Institute of Peace. Available from: https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/05/over-year-later-myanmars-military-coup-threatens-indias-national-security (accessed 2022-December-12)

[14] Wee S. Thousands Flee Myanmar for India Amid Fears of a Growing Refugee Crisis. The New York Times. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/19/world/asia/myanmar-refugees-india.html

[15] UNHCR Regional Bureau For Asia And Pacific (RBAP) Myanmar Emergency Update. UNHCR. UNHCR . Available from: https://reporting.unhcr.org/document/4813 (accessed 2023-May-17)

[16] Bhattacherjee K. Treat our people as refugees: Myanmar's democracy leader urges Government of India. The Hindu. Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/treat-our-people-as-refugees-myanmars-democracy-leader-urges-government-of- india/article66227432.ece

[17] India : The Status of Refugees 2021. New Delhi, India. Rights and Risks Analysis Group. 2021.

[18] Naqvi S. Myanmar: Don't allow migrants to cross, home ministry writes to border states. East Mojo. Available from: https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2021/03/11/myanmar-dont-allow-migrants-to-cross-home-ministry-writes-to-border-states/ (accessed 2022-December-20)

[19] Stop illegal influx from Myanmar, Centre tells northeastern States. The Hindu. Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stop-illegal-influx-from-myanmar-mha-tells-ne-states/article34054308.ece

[20] Manipur government asks DCs to "politely turn away" Myanmar refugees, takes back order. The Economic Times. Available from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-government-asks-dcs-to-politely-turn-away- myanmar-refugees-takes-back-order/articleshow/81754323.cms?from=mdr

[21] Manipur govt withdraws earlier order to 'politely turn away' Myanmar refugees. Mint. Available from: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/manipur-govt-withdraws-earlier-order-to-politely-turn-away-myanmar-refugees-11617084905271.html (accessed 2022-December-20)

[22] Hangal N, Sitlou M. Manipuris Help Myanmar Refugees, Ignoring BJP Order To 'Politely' Turn Them Away. Article 14. Available from: https://article-14.com/post/manipuris-help-myanmar-refugees-ignoring-bjp-order-to-politely-turn-them-away (accessed 2022-December-20)

[23] Karmakar S. Not acceptable to Mizoram: CM Zoramthanga writes to PM Modi on Myanmar refugees. Deccan Herald. Available from: https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/not-acceptable-to-mizoram-cm-zoramthanga-writes-to-pm- modi-on-myanmar-refugees-964309.html

[24] How are Mizos dealing with Burmese refugees fleeing the coup? Newslaundry - YouTube. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I232zSkLJN8&t=76s (accessed 2022-December-20)

[25] Choudhury A, Agarwala T. How Mizoram has set up a de facto asylum regime for Myanmar refugees. The Indian Express. Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-mizoram-has-set-up-de-facto-asylum-regime-for-myanmar-refugees-8189791/

[26] Chakraborty T. 'Financially Strained,' Mizoram CM Brings up Myanmar Refugee Crisis in Meeting With PM. The Wire. Available from: https://thewire.in/government/mizoram-cm-zoramthanga-pm-modi-myanmar-refugees-humanitarian-aid (accessed 2022-December-18)

[27] Sitlhou M. Mizoram's predicament over Myanmar refugees. Mint Lounge. Available from: https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/mizorams-predicament-over-myanmar-refugees-111664461046718.html (accessed 2022-December-19)

[28] Myanmarese national deported. Imphal Free Press. Available from: https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/myanmarese-national-deported (accessed 2022-December-20)

[29] Matharu S. 'They're taking over our hills': Manipur groups want NRC to weed out Myanmar refugees. ThePrint. Available from: https://theprint.in/features/theyre-taking-over-our-hills-manipur-groups-want-nrc-to-weed-out-myanmar-refugees/1002227/ (accessed 2022-December-21)

[30] Maharaja Sanajaoba urges India Government to resolve Indo-Myanmar Border Issue, complete fencing. Pothashang News Service. Available from: https://www.pothashang.in/2022/12/09/maharaja-sanajaoba-urges-india-government-to-resolve-indo-myanmar-border-issue-complete-fencing/ (accessed 2022-December-21)

[31] Min M. India’s cautious approach to the military coup in Myanmar. East Asia Forum. Available from: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2022/03/22/indias-cautious-approach-to-the-military-coup-in-myanmar/ (accessed 2022-December-20)

[32] Anand A. India attends military parade in Myanmar 2 months after coup. Why it's significant. India Today. Available from: https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/india-attends-military-parade-myanmar-months-after-coup-why-significant-1785075- 2021-03-30

[33] Indian Arms Exporter Ships Air-Defense Weapons to Myanmar's Junta. The Irrawaddy. Available from: https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/indian-arms-exporter-ships-air-defense-weapons-to-myanmars-junta.html (accessed 2022-December-20)

[34] Rajagopalan R. India Engages Myanmar. Observer Research Foundation. Available from: https://www.orfonline.org/research/india-engages-myanmar/ (accessed 2022-December-19)

[35] Martin M. Prime Minister Modi and Myanmar's Military Junta. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Available from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/prime-minister-modi-and-myanmars-military-junta (accessed 2022-December-20)

[36] Sitlou M, Hanghal N. Insurgents from India add fuel to fire in Myanmar's restive north. Nikkei Asia. Available from: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Insurgents-from-India-add-fuel-to-fire-in-Myanmar-s-restive-north (accessed 2022-December-20)

[37] Hangsing S, Tonsing S. Has Military Rule in Myanmar Affected India's 'Act East' Policy? The Wire. Available from: https://thewire.in/south-asia/has-military-rule-in-myanmar-affected-indias-act-east-policy (accessed 2022-December-20)

[38] Purayil MP. The Myanmar Coup and India's Refugee Policy. South Asian Voices. Available from: https://southasianvoices.org/the-myanmar-coup-and-indias-refugee-policy/ (accessed 2022-December-14)

[39] Purayil MP, Purayil MP. India has a Responsibility towards Myanmar Refugees in India. Economic and Political Weekly (Engage). 2022;57(49):1–17. Available from: https://www.epw.in/engage/article/india-has-responsibility-towards-myanmar-refugees

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Caught in the Crossfire: Myanmarese Refugees in India

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